vitamin 維生素
Vitamin B group
Vitamin B1 (硫胺;thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP))
- Decarboxylation
- 在 Pyruvate Decarboxylase 的反應中,TPP 作為輔酶,TPP的活性部位是其噻唑環(thiazole ring)上的C2碳原子,該碳原子位於硫和氮之間。
- 噻唑環的C2碳原子具有酸性,容易失去質子(去質子化),生成一個穩定的負電荷形式,即TPP的活性形式——亞胺鹽(ylide),ylide對pyruvate的carbonyl碳進行親核攻擊形成tetrahedral中間體,再進行脫羧反應釋放CO2,最終產生acetaldehyde。
- C2碳原子的核親電子性使其能夠與 Pyruvate 的羰基碳發生共價結合,形成一個不穩定的中間體,之後經過脫羧作用釋放二氧化碳,生成 hydroxyethyl-TPP
- TPP不具備的功能
- 不像FAD參與電子傳遞
- 不像NAD+參與氧化還原反應
- 不參與dehydrogenase反應中的雙鍵形成
- 不直接催化醇類氧化為醛類
- 重要應用
- 在酒精發酵中催化pyruvate轉化為acetaldehyde
- 在TCA循環中的α-ketoglutarate脫羧
- 在分支鏈氨基酸代謝中的α-keto acid脫羧
- transketolation
Vitamin B2 (核黃素;FMN、FAD)
- TCA cycle
- ETC chain
Vitamin B3 (菸鹼酸;NAD+/NADH、NADP+/NADPH)
- Dehydrogenase
- Alcohol dehydrogenase
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- ...
Vitamin B5 (泛酸;Pantothenic acid (CoA))
- TCA cycle
- $\beta$-oxidation
- chloesterol biosynthesis
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine;Pyridoxal phosphate(PLP))
- amino acid metabolism
- Transamination:AST(GOT)、ALT(GPT)
- Deamination
- Decarboxylation
- Hormone, Neurotransmitter Biosynthesis
- serotonin、dopamine、epinephrine、norepinephrine、GABA
- Biosynthesis of Heme
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
- carboxylation
- Pyruvate carboxylase(Gluconeogensis)
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase(Fatty acid synthesis)
- Propionyl-CoA carboxylase(Fatty acid reduction)
- Urea cycle:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
- 反應: Acetyl-CoA + HCO3- + ATP → Malonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
- 途徑: 脂肪酸合成的第一步和限速步驟
- 位置: ACC1在細胞質,ACC2在粒線體外膜
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC)
- 反應: Pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP → Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi
- 途徑: 糖質新生和TCA循環補充
- 位置: 肝臟和腎臟細胞的粒線體中
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC)
- 反應: Propionyl-CoA + HCO3- + ATP → Methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
- 途徑: 奇數碳脂肪酸和支鏈胺基酸的代謝
- 位置: 粒線體基質
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC)
- 反應: 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA + HCO3- + ATP → 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
- 途徑: 白胺酸代謝的第四步
- 位置: 粒線體
Vitamin B9 (葉酸;Tetrahydrofolate)
- Purine C2 & C8 Carbon
- trans-methyl of amino acid
- DNA synthesis(dUMP --> dTMP)
Vitamin B12 (鈷胺素)
- 促進紅血球的形成和再生,預防貧血
Hill plot analysis:
- The Hill coefficient ($n_H$) is determined from the slope of the Hill plot at its steepest point.
- A Hill coefficient indicates the degree of cooperativity:
- $n_H=1$: No cooperativity (independent binding).
- $n_H > 1$: Positive cooperativity (binding of one ligand increases the affinity for subsequent ligands).
- $n_H < 1$: Negative cooperativity.