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vitamin 維生素

Vitamin B group

Vitamin B1 (硫胺;thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP))

  • Decarboxylation
    • 在 Pyruvate Decarboxylase 的反應中,TPP 作為輔酶,TPP的活性部位是其噻唑環(thiazole ring)上的C2碳原子,該碳原子位於硫和氮之間。
    • 噻唑環的C2碳原子具有酸性,容易失去質子(去質子化),生成一個穩定的負電荷形式,即TPP的活性形式——亞胺鹽(ylide),ylide對pyruvate的carbonyl碳進行親核攻擊形成tetrahedral中間體,再進行脫羧反應釋放CO2,最終產生acetaldehyde。
    • C2碳原子的核親電子性使其能夠與 Pyruvate 的羰基碳發生共價結合,形成一個不穩定的中間體,之後經過脫羧作用釋放二氧化碳,生成 hydroxyethyl-TPP
    • TPP不具備的功能
      • 不像FAD參與電子傳遞
      • 不像NAD+參與氧化還原反應
      • 不參與dehydrogenase反應中的雙鍵形成
      • 不直接催化醇類氧化為醛類
    • 重要應用
      • 在酒精發酵中催化pyruvate轉化為acetaldehyde
      • 在TCA循環中的α-ketoglutarate脫羧
      • 在分支鏈氨基酸代謝中的α-keto acid脫羧
  • transketolation image

Vitamin B2 (核黃素;FMN、FAD)

  • TCA cycle
  • ETC chain

Vitamin B3 (菸鹼酸;NAD+/NADH、NADP+/NADPH)

  • Dehydrogenase
    • Alcohol dehydrogenase
    • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
    • ...

Vitamin B5 (泛酸;Pantothenic acid (CoA))

  • TCA cycle
  • $\beta$-oxidation
  • chloesterol biosynthesis

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine;Pyridoxal phosphate(PLP))

  • amino acid metabolism
    • Transamination:AST(GOT)、ALT(GPT)
    • Deamination
    • Decarboxylation
  • Hormone, Neurotransmitter Biosynthesis
    • serotonin、dopamine、epinephrine、norepinephrine、GABA
  • Biosynthesis of Heme

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

  • carboxylation
    • Pyruvate carboxylase(Gluconeogensis)
    • Acetyl-CoA carboxylase(Fatty acid synthesis)
    • Propionyl-CoA carboxylase(Fatty acid reduction)
  • Urea cycle:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

image

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Janos-Zempleni/publication/23668389/figure/fig2/AS:669656385863685@1536669932455/Biotin-dependent-carboxylases-ACC-acetyl-CoA-carboxylase-PC-pyruvate-carboxylase.png

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)

  • 反應: Acetyl-CoA + HCO3- + ATP → Malonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
  • 途徑: 脂肪酸合成的第一步和限速步驟
  • 位置: ACC1在細胞質,ACC2在粒線體外膜

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC)

  • 反應: Pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP → Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi
  • 途徑: 糖質新生和TCA循環補充
  • 位置: 肝臟和腎臟細胞的粒線體中

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC)

  • 反應: Propionyl-CoA + HCO3- + ATP → Methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
  • 途徑: 奇數碳脂肪酸和支鏈胺基酸的代謝
  • 位置: 粒線體基質

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC)

  • 反應: 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA + HCO3- + ATP → 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
  • 途徑: 白胺酸代謝的第四步
  • 位置: 粒線體

Vitamin B9 (葉酸;Tetrahydrofolate)

  • Purine C2 & C8 Carbon
  • trans-methyl of amino acid
  • DNA synthesis(dUMP --> dTMP) image

Vitamin B12 (鈷胺素)

  • 促進紅血球的形成和再生,預防貧血

Hill plot analysis:

  • The Hill coefficient ($n_H$) is determined from the slope of the Hill plot at its steepest point.
  • A Hill coefficient indicates the degree of cooperativity:
    • $n_H=1$: No cooperativity (independent binding).
    • $n_H > 1$: Positive cooperativity (binding of one ligand increases the affinity for subsequent ligands).
    • $n_H < 1$: Negative cooperativity.